美国一季度GDP萎缩背后的“繁荣”

最新数据显示美国第一季度GDP出现萎缩。但数据背后的一些经济情况是另一番景象。事实上,来自美国消费者和企业的需求加速增长。

美国一季度GDP萎缩背后的“繁荣”

最新数据显示美国第一季度国内生产总值(GDP)出现萎缩。但数据背后的一些经济情况是另一番景象。

美国商务部周四公布,经季节性因素调整后,美国第一季度GDP折合成年率环比下降1.4%,这是自2020年第二季度新冠疫情重创美国经济以来的首次下降。

不过,这份报告还显示,私人需求实际上有所增强;在第一季度,美国消费者、企业和其他私人购买者的支出折合成年率增长了3.7%,较去年第四季度的2.6%有所加快。

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那么,GDP下降是怎么回事呢?

首先,贸易逆差扩大了,意味着美国的一些需求基本上由其他国家的生产来满足。单是这一点就将GDP增速拉低3.2个百分点。贸易逆差的扩大不容小觑,不过在第一季度,逆差扩大一定程度上归因于新冠疫情对国际贸易产生的巨大影响:因疫情原因,许多本该在去年秋季抵达美国的货物到了冬天才运达。

今年第一季度,洛杉矶港和长滩港接收的装船集装箱数量较2019年同期增加了31%,而在去年第四季度,这两个港口接收的集装箱数量比三年前少了3%。

另一个影响GDP的因素是,经季节性因素调整后,第一季度企业建立库存的速度并不像去年第四季度那么快。这意味着用于填补库存的生产减少了,这又拉低了GDP增速0.8个百分点。然而事实是,供应短缺让企业库存低得可怜,如果有机会,企业将在今年余下时间里继续补充库存。这对未来几个季度的GDP应构成利好。

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与此同时,第一季度消费者支出折合成年率增长2.7%。这完全是受服务消费所推动,第一季度服务消费增长了4.3%,这表明随着围绕疫情的担忧减弱,美国人的消费对象正从商品重新转向其他领域,同时也反映出之前主要集中在商品领域的通胀正影响到某些领域的消费。(与主要的GDP数据一样,上述支出数据经过了通胀因素调整;未经通胀因素调整,第一季度消费者支出折合成年率增长了9.9%。)企业在资本设备等方面的支出尤其强劲,非住宅投资折合成年率增长了9.2%。

目前看来,未来几个季度经济强劲增长的基础似乎已经奠定。就业市场稳健,家庭资产负债状况良好,这些应会促进消费,让消费速度跑赢通胀。企业有充分的理由继续投资:在供应链堵塞的背景下,企业把部分生产线转移到离美国更近的地方之优势已经体现了出来,而工资的上涨使得购买设备显得更加值得,那些设备可以帮助企业节省劳动力。

然而,美国经济势必会在某些时候放缓,哪怕只是因为美联储希望那样的话。第一季度GDP的负增长并不会牵制美联储的加息步伐,相反,报告细节所显示的需求坚挺可能只会坚定该央行继续加息的决心,直到通胀和就业市场降温。