石油行业日薄西山,但部分油企可能表现红火

石油业或现夕阳红,特别是对仍在开发新储备的公司而言。红火景况能持续多久,则取决于各经济体转向较清洁能源的速度。

Original Post>

Rochelle Toplensky2021年6月3日15:00 CST 更新

石油业或现夕阳红,特别是对仍在开发新储备的公司而言。红火景况能持续多久,则取决于各经济体转向较清洁能源的速度。

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周二,石油输出国组织(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 简称:欧佩克)及其包括俄罗斯在内的盟友就略微增产达成一致。面对由新冠疫情导致的需求动荡,削减供应对于稳定原油价格已变得至关重要,但生产商现在更为乐观。新冠疫苗接种工作正在推进,经济正在重启。油价处于两年来的高位。

大型上市公司将会受益,但无法充分利用这一机遇,因为股东正施加越来越大的压力,要求它们限制石油投资、减少温室气体排放。欧洲超级巨头荷兰皇家壳牌集团(Royal Dutch Shell PLC, RDSA)、道达尔能源((TotalEnergies)和英国石油公司(BP PLC, BP)已经限制了寻找新石油储备的计划,现在它们的美国同行雪佛龙公司(Chevron Co., CVX)和埃克森美孚(Exxon Mobil Co., XOM)也在重新考虑投资事宜。

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相比之下,受政府控制的石油公司可以为满足未来的石油需求而放手钻探,鲜少考虑碳足迹问题。新兴经济体的大多数国有生产商都对本国政治人物负责,后者更关注现金流、当地就业和税收,而不是环境问题。

“未来20年,由欧佩克成员国运营的开发项目将大增,”咨询公司Rystad Energy的分析师Per Magnus Nysveen表示。“国家石油公司有相当多真正不错的开发项目,盈亏平衡价格降至每桶30美元以下。”

沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司(Saudi Arabian Oil Co., Saudi Aramco, 简称﹕沙特阿美)等波斯湾生产商以及巴西国家石油公司(Petroleo Brasileiro S/A,简称:巴西石油)尤其有望受惠,它们有现成的项目可奉上相对低成本的供应,以填补超级巨头储备日益下降留下的任何缺口。不那么长于技术的国有生产商或许会抛出一些甜头,让西方公司及其具备技能的勘探工程师参与进来。较小型公司也有望从行业巨头的撤退中获益,只要不面临来自股东的环保方面压力。

由于过去五年在石油勘探方面的投资较少,新项目可能在中期内获得超高利润,但它们并非没有风险。最直接的不确定因素是可实现快速生产的美国页岩油,近年来页岩油曾填补供应缺口。美国钻探公司目前更关注盈利能力而非扩张,但这种情况可能不会持续下去。如果该行业出现大范围的投资热潮,也有可能造成供应过剩的局面。

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从长远来看,最大的不确定性在于经济脱碳的速度有多快。这一趋势发生得越快,继续从事钻探业务的公司减记风险就越大,同时低碳投资获得回报的机会也更多。Bernstein分析师Oswald Clint表示:“未来二、三十年的能源系统将呈现出历史上最为多样化的局面;所有相关数据都会不断发生变化。”

如果碳排放快速下降,那些试图引领转型的油气生产商将获得回报,比如壳牌公司(Shell),该公司已在可再生能源、生物燃料、碳捕获和氢气领域进行了投资。基于全球碳减排的各种积极情形,Clint估计,该公司估值还有望上升20%至58%。

随着股东们敦促那些上市石油巨头重新审议新的大型化石燃料项目,国有石油生产商得到了一个机会。这可能是一个良机,也可能只是幻影,取决于脱碳的速度。