央行政策指引出尔反尔或引发风险

虽然主要西方央行尚未开始加息是好消息,但在政策指引上的出尔反尔应该引起投资者的关切。

Jon Sindreu2021年11月5日18:23 CST 更新

Original Post>

央行和金融市场之间的关系就像其他任何关系一样:如果你不相信自己,你就无法学会相信别人。

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英国央行周四宣布将利率维持在0.1%的历史最低水平。尽管英国9月份的消费者价格上升3.1%,但英国央行行长安德鲁·贝利(Andrew Bailey)说,这段时间的通胀上升可能是暂时的。这与美联储周三声明的说法相似,尽管美联储宣布缩减债券购买规模,但也传达了偏宽松的口吻。

英国央行的决定令投资者措手不及。名为隔夜指数掉期的衍生品价格显示,英国借贷成本周四肯定会上升,并将在接下来的几个月里继续大幅上升,到2023年将升破1.2%。即使在全球经济增长减速的情况下,整个新兴市场的利率制定者也已经在采取行动了。澳大利亚央行周二屈服于债券市场的压力,放弃了该行控制收益率曲线的政策。

贝利周四说:“货币政策不能增加天然气的供应,不能增加芯片的供应,当然也不能增加风速”,他是对的。解决瓶颈造成的通胀的最好办法是对生产能力进行投资。贝利的另一个观点也不无道理,他指出,通胀可能在高位维持相当长一段时间,但依然算暂时性的。美联储主席鲍威尔(Jerome Powell)也做过类似的表述。

以此来看,西方主要央行现在倾向于采取观望态度是一个好消息。虽然劳动力市场的状况与之前的低迷相比令人鼓舞,但美国的就业率恢复到疫情之前的水平可能还需要时间,而英国结束无薪休假计划的影响仍不确定。英国央行在周四发布的最新预测中表示,市场预期的陡峭利率路径最终将损害英国经济,由于需求疲软,2024年的通胀将低于2%的目标水平。

那么,市场是对通货膨胀是否担忧过头,甚至试图胁迫央行行长过早加息—而美联储和英国央行勇敢地抵制了这种压力呢?答案是否定的。在9月底和10月中旬之间,投资者之所以以极快的速度对英镑隔夜指数掉期合约进行了重新定价,是因为官员们让他们这样做了。贝利和英国央行利率制定者Michael Saunders都在公开场合明确表达过偏紧缩的观点。

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事实上,隔夜指数掉期曲线的奇怪形状暗示,市场认为英国央行的快速紧缩政策是一个需要予以扭转的错误;该曲线预计英国央行会在2023年之后降息。英国央行官员在最近的声明中表示,他们只赞同市场关于利率上升可能很快开始的观点,而不赞同此后利率会继续如此快速地上升的观点。

央行的指导意见很重要,因为金融市场会对预期的政策行动做出提前反应。英国金融市场状况的收紧程度已经超过市场原本预计英国央行周四加息0.15个百分点的幅度。尽管力度小得多,但美联储最近几个月也在发出紧缩倾向更强的政策信号,在市场上引发了小幅度的波动,不过现在又在收回这种信号了。

令投资者感到安慰的是,利率制定者还没有过早地扣动扳机。不过,难以预测的政策指引会造成一种风险,那就是下一个意外的政策举动可能会更加恶劣。