“缓冲基金”吸引60亿美元创纪录资金流入,正值市场动荡之际

一种颇受欢迎的ETF声称可以在一定程度上防范投资者的损失,同时也限制潜在收益。这些“缓冲基金”今年累计吸引了大约60亿美元的资金流入,已经较去年全年30亿美元的创纪录资金流入翻了一番。

“缓冲基金”吸引60亿美元创纪录资金流入,正值市场动荡之际

Eric Wallerstein

2022年8月30日18:30 CST 更新

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2022年市场走势动荡的背景下,投资者一直难以找到避风港湾,因此一些人转向降低风险以换取较少回报的投资。

一种颇受欢迎的交易所交易基金(ETF)声称可以在一定程度上防范投资者的损失,同时也限制潜在收益。根据彭博(Bloomberg)的数据,这些“缓冲基金”(buffer funds)今年累计吸引了大约60亿美元的资金流入,已经较去年全年30亿美元的创纪录资金流入翻了一番。

缓冲基金寻求保护投资者在一段固定时期内免受一定比例的损失,并允许投资者追踪标普500之类标的指数的价格,同时使用期权来减轻损失。作为获得这种保护的代价,投资者的收益被限制在一定水平。

不过,一些策略师警示称,缓冲基金并非没有缺点。

财富管理公司NDVR Inc.的首席投资官Roni Israelov说:“这些策略的创建目的是承担小于股市的风险;但在考虑了受限的收益、所交易的期权潜在成本和高额费用后,与替代方案相比,缓冲策略是否值得?”该公司使用的是量化投资策略。

摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase & Co.)旗下对冲股票基金使用与缓冲基金类似的期权策略,但也主动管理标的股票组合。这些基金于2021年3月对大多数投资者关闭,之前流入资金激增推动其总资产达到260亿美元。期权交易基金行业仅在过去四年里就从160亿美元发展到了560亿美元;在晨星公司(Morningstar)的分类中,期权交易基金包括对冲股票和缓冲基金。

该领域最大的两只基金——JPMorgan Hedged Equity Fund I和Innovator Capital Management旗下的U.S. Equity Power Buffer ETF今年轻松跑赢市场。这两只基金分别下滑了6.3%和5.7%,相比之下,标普500指数下挫了15%,基准的彭博美国综合债券指数(Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index)下跌了9.9%。Innovator是最大的缓冲ETF供应商。

如果从今年上半年来看,这类基金的对冲作用更为明显:两只基金均下跌了约11%,而标普500指数下挫了23%。不过自6月16日市场见底以来,这类基金上升空间有限的短板也开始体现出来,这两只基金分别上涨了5.7%和6.8%,而标普500指数攀升了11%。

“临近退休的投资者喜欢降低波动性,”晨星公司高级经理及研究分析师Bobby Blue说。“但我不愿称这些为良好的投资组合对冲;因为你仍然会受制于股市的走向。”

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有时候,根据基金条款,投资者只在市场下滑9%或15%以内受到保护。这意味着如果市场进一步下跌,他们仍可能赔钱。其他基金则使投资者自担5%的最初下跌损失,而在市场崩跌情况下提供更多保护。

此外,除非投资者在收益期开始时买入,否则缓冲和上限都可能与最初宣传的水平不同。

费用也可能很高。摩根大通对冲股票产品的费用在0.58%至0.6%之间,而Innovator的基金则收取0.79%的费用。相比之下,据ICI,2021年主动管理型股票共同基金的平均费率为0.68%,而热门的SPDR标普500指数ETF——一款被动追踪基金——的费率为0.09%。

Innovator基金的投资者也要放弃派息,失去一种稳定的收入来源。但投资者还是踊跃买入。根据彭博的数据,Innovator的基金今年已吸引近30亿美元的资金流入,几乎是上年同期的三倍之多。