美国股市大洗牌可能将继续

经济前景正向好,但利率也在上行。这已经在搅动美国股市,打击到那些直到最近还很受投资者青睐的快速增长公司的股价,同时推高了疫情期间表现不那么好的公司的股票。

Original Post>

Justin Lahart

经济前景正向好,但利率也在上行。这已经在搅动美国股市,打击到那些直到最近还很受投资者青睐的快速增长公司的股价,同时推高了疫情期间表现不那么好的公司的股票。

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要了解其中的原因,需要考虑评估投资价值的两个主要因素。首先,需要考虑所投资的公司未来几年预计能赚多少钱。其次,由于手头的现金比期盼未来能获得的现金更有价值,需要将贴现率应用于这一预期。贴现率通常是10年期美国国债的收益率,加上与所承担风险相应的溢价。

约翰‧霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University)金融经济学中心主任Robert Barbera指出,增长假设和贴现率这两者的变化都可能对估值产生重大影响,这或许给股市为何会如此剧烈地洗牌提供了线索。

去年表现最好的股票包括那些投资者预计在遥远的未来会强劲增长的公司。新冠疫情并没有影响到这些公司的业务,某些情况下甚至还推高了它们的销售额。苹果公司(Apple Inc., AAPL)、Netflix (NFLX)和亚马逊(Amazon.com Inc., AMZN)等公司就是例子。但疫情的结束,以及家庭在过去一年积攒的大量储蓄和政府最新一轮支持的综合影响,可能不会改善这些公司的增长前景。它们的业务甚至可能会受到一点余波的影响。

这些公司的股价今年已经表现不佳,与此同时10年期美国国债收益率已升至1.73%,而且如果期待的复苏成为现实,收益率可能继续走高。

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要了解其中的原因,可以看看估值方面的例子,先假设一家公司未来25年的利润将以每年20%的速度增长。假定该公司目前每股收益为1美元,投资者对其未来利润的贴现率设为6%。标准的现金流折现分析将这些未来利润的价值定为182美元左右。现在想象一下,10年期美国国债的收益率上升了2个百分点,结果是未来利润的贴现率升至8%。这些利润的价值下降到129美元左右。

现在再假设有一家中等规模的周期性公司,比如一家制造商,其利润随着经济而波动,投资者最近预计长期来说其利润将每年增长5%。以6%的贴现率计算,其未来利润的价值约为22美元。现在想象一下,经济的复苏推高了美国国债收益率,将其贴现率推升至8%。但经济好转促使投资者将对该公司的长期增长预期上调至8%,这并不一定是因为该公司的长期前景变得特别光明,而是因为不断加快的增长助长了乐观情绪。现在该公司未来利润的预期价值是25美元。

可归入这一类别的周期性公司,例如企业集团、零售商、资本设备制造商、航空公司等,数量远远超过去年推动股市表现的一小撮大公司。美国股市的洗牌可能才刚刚开始