美联储紧缩立场坚决,警惕美国股市继续探底

美联储目前所发表言论是数十年最偏紧缩的。投资者,尤其是股票投资者,可能过于掉以轻心了。

美联储紧缩立场坚决,警惕美国股市继续探底

美联储目前所发表言论是数十年最偏紧缩的。投资者,尤其是股票投资者,可能过于掉以轻心了。

美联储周三将基准联邦基金利率上调0.75个百分点,至3%至3.25%的区间,与预期一致。美联储政策制定者对今年年底利率水平的预测也有所上调:他们目前的预测中值是,届时联邦基金利率将达到4.4%。

这意味着,在美联储今年剩下的两次会议上,每次都要进一步加息,其中至少有一次需要加息0.75个百分点。这再次或多或少地符合已在期货市场中得到反映的预期。

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美联储主席鲍威尔(Jerome Powell)在新闻发布会强调了经济正在放缓的一些迹象。鲍威尔还表示,通货膨胀预期似乎已获得良好控制,不过他警告说,不能因此而放松警惕。

但投资者可能应该少关注鲍威尔周三的评论,多关注他8月26日在怀俄明州杰克逊霍尔的演讲。在那次演讲中,鲍威尔明确表达了自己的意图。他在谈到未来的取舍时直言不讳,这让人想起美联储前主席沃尔克(Paul Volcker),后者在上世纪80年代初以严重衰退为代价战胜了通胀。

鲍威尔8月表示:“降低通胀可能需要在一段时间内让增长持续低于趋势水平。此外,劳动力市场很可能需要有所走软。”他在周三用几乎相同的语言重申了这一点。

这是关键。许多投资者的预期是,随着石油和其他大宗商品价格下降,美联储或许很快就会认为放松政策是合适的,从而可能引导经济软着陆。但正如TS Lombard经济学家Steven Blitz所认为的那样,在当前情况下,这种情况可能还不会发生。

他在最近的一份报告中写道:“在失业率低于4%的情况下,不断下降的汽油价格只会给已经火热的经济火上浇油。”因此,美联储明确发出信号,指出可能需要看到劳动力市场有所走软。

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鲍威尔在周三的讲话中称,劳动力市场“极度紧俏”和“失衡”,工作者供不应求。目前的情况不同于上世纪80年代,鲍威尔正在应对的通货膨胀也远没有上世纪70年代时那么顽固。因此,经济衰退并非板上钉钉,即使发生衰退,以历史标准衡量,也可能不会太严重或持续太久。

但很明显,美联储仍然希望看到经济在目前的基础上大幅放缓,即使这会给美国企业和家庭带来一些痛苦。

这表明市场仍然有些过于掉以轻心。截至周三收盘,标普500指数自杰克逊霍尔演讲以来累计下跌9.7%。该指数较6月份的低点仍上涨了3.4%,当时市场对衰退的担忧达到了顶峰。这些低点可能轻易再次触及。