利率飙升难阻美元颓势,通胀预期提高难辞其咎

在美国市场利率大幅上升的情况下,美元仍持续走软,这有些令人费解。美元贬值在一定程度上要归咎于对通胀上升的担忧

Original Post>

Aaron Back

在美国市场利率大幅上升的情况下,美元仍持续走软,这有些令人费解。美元贬值在一定程度上要归咎于对通胀上升的担忧。

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疫苗接种速度加快和大规模刺激计划获批,点燃了美国经济强劲反弹的希望,推动美国国债收益率急剧上扬。与此同时,随着欧盟的疫苗接种工作进展不顺,欧洲大陆似乎面临着出现第三波破坏性疫情的风险,欧洲经济增长预期受到了打击。

通常情况下,这类因素相结合显然会推高美元,尤其是以交易广泛但范围较窄的ICE美元指数来衡量,欧元在该指数中占57.6%的权重。然而,今年迄今为止该指数实际上累计上涨了2.1%,仍比上年同期水平低6.4%。覆盖范围更广的华尔街日报美元指数更是较一年前水平下跌了10.8%。

美元的这种表现令人惊讶,特别是考虑到过去一年10年期美国国债收益率从1.25%攀升至1.71%。10年期美国国债与同期限德国国债收益率之差在过去一年扩大了0.48个百分点,这对美元、尤其是ICE美元指数来说应该也是利好因素。

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不过,美国经济增长预期上升的同时,通胀预期也在不断提高,尤其是在美国联邦储备委员会(简称:美联储)承诺允许通胀率高于正常水平之后。这种情况可能会降低美元在现实世界中的购买力,因而对美元是不利的。

从通货膨胀保值债券(简称TIPS)收益率的走势可以看出市场通胀预期上升。目前10年期TIPS收益率为负0.58%。与普通美国国债收益率相比,这意味着市场预计未来10年年度通胀率将在2.4%左右。一年前,这种在TIPS收益率中反映出来的所谓“通胀补偿”影响仅为0.7%。

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凯投宏观(Capital Economics)的市场经济学家Simona Gambarini指出,TIPS和欧洲类似通胀挂钩债券的收益率之差,可以代表经通胀因素调整后的实际收益率之差。过去一年普通美国国债和德国国债的收益率之差不断扩大,相比之下,同期美国TIPS和德国类似通胀挂钩债券的收益率之差实际上收窄了0.29个百分点,尽管近几周略有扩大。这有助于解释美元的疲软。

当然,德国乃至欧洲并不是整个世界。另一个压低美元的因素是,许多其他经济体也拥有光明的前景。Gambarini称,美国经济强劲复苏本身对主要出口国和大宗商品生产国应该是好消息,这会提振澳大利亚、新西兰和挪威等国的货币。这些国家的货币都没有反映在ICE美元指数中,但它们在华尔街日报美元指数中的合计占比为10%左右。仅加元就在ICE美元指数中占9%的权重,今年以来加元兑美元累计升值1.7%。

如果美国的利率持续上升,美元可能就不会被压低了。但如果美联储成功安抚了市场,关键是说服持怀疑态度的交易员相信该央行真的准备接受更高的通胀,那么美元将继续受到打压。这反过来将有助于美国的出口和美国公司的盈利能力,通常这会帮助美联储实现充分就业的目标。诚然,美元走软意味着美国消费者购买力的下降,但这正是通货膨胀的影响