“量化紧缩恐慌”持续时间可能长于”量宽缩减恐慌”

当此前缩减恐慌袭来时,美联储仍在设法让美国经济恢复健康,而现在它对高通胀正根植于人们的预期深感担忧。这表明美联储这次不会那么轻易地推迟其计划。

“量化紧缩恐慌”持续时间可能长于”量宽缩减恐慌”

当美国联邦储备委员会(简称:美联储)削减所持大量美国国债和住房抵押贷款支持证券时,投资者并不确切知道会发生什么,但知道自己不喜欢这样。

在周三公布的上个月利率制定会议的纪要中,美联储政策制定者们表示,计划最早在5月份的下次会议上开始缩减美联储的资产组合,这个过程被称为量化紧缩。此外,在通胀高企和就业市场紧俏的情况下,会议纪要还显示,政策制定者倾向于以比2017年10月开始的一轮量化紧缩时期快得多的速度削减美联储规模达9万亿美元的资产负债表,当时通胀率要低得多,失业率比目前高。

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周二,颇有影响力的美联储理事布雷纳德(Lael Brainard)表示,她预计美联储的资产负债表“将以比之前一次复苏时快得多的速度收缩”。布雷纳德正在等待参议院确认其担任美联储副主席的提名。投资者认为布雷纳德对美联储政策坚定地持偏宽松立场,因此连她都支持更快速的量化紧缩无疑令人关注。布雷纳德的评论和上述会议纪要推动10年期美国国债收益率从周一的2.41%升至周三的2.61%。标普500指数在这两个交易日累计下跌了约2%。

量化紧缩对金融市场或经济的最终影响难以衡量,因为美国的经验仅限于2017至2019年的这轮量化紧缩。这并没有让投资者感到特别不安,主要是因为美联储已花了很多时间让人们为可能发生的情况做好准备。相比之下,当2013年5月时任美联储主席的伯南克(Ben Bernanke)告诉国会,美联储可能在当年晚些时候开始缩减资产购买规模时,投资者还没有准备好,这引发了所谓的“量宽缩减恐慌”(taper tantrum),导致美国国债收益率大幅走高。结果这给经济尤其是住房市场带来压力,并最终导致美联储推迟停止扩大资产组合的计划。

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这一次,美联储走向量化紧缩的举动似乎与量宽缩减恐慌那段时期有更多的共同点。投资者当然知道美联储即将收紧政策,但这到来的速度比他们几周前猜想的要快一些,而且美联储计划缩减资产组合的速度也可能更快。

当此前量宽缩减恐慌袭来时,美联储仍在设法让美国经济恢复健康,而现在它对高通胀正根植于人们的预期深感担忧。这表明美联储这次不会那么轻易地推迟其计划。这轮量化紧缩恐慌持续的时间可能比量宽缩减恐慌长得多。